pancreas consists of 0.7-1 million small endocrine glands -the islets of Langerhans- scattered within the glandular substance of the exocrine pancreas.
: The beta(β) cell- insulin
The alpha(α) cell- glucagon
Insulin
Causes cells in the liver, muscle and fat tissue to take up glucose from the blood, storing it as glycogen
Stops the use of fat as an energy source by inhibiting the
and is a member of the G-protein coupled family of receptors.
Stimulation of the receptor results in activation of adenylate cyclase and increased levels of intracellular cAMP.
Glucagon receptors are mainly expressed in liver and in kidney with lesser amounts found in heart, adipose tissue, spleen, thymus, adrenal glands, pancreas, cerebral cortex, and gastrointestinal tract.
Effects of gluc
Stomach
Hydrochloric acid
Prepares protein for digestion
Activates enzymes
Pepsin
Begins protein digestion
Gastric lipase
Some fat digestion
Gastrin (hormone)
Stimulates gastric secretion and movement
Intrinsic factor
Needed for absorption of vitamin B12
Small intestine
Sections of small intestine
Duodenum, jejunum, ileum
Digestion
Bicarbonate neutralizes stomach acid
Pancreatic
Stem cell calssification
1. Based upon location
Embryonic stem cells
Somatic/ adult stem cells
2. Based upon function
Totipotent
Pluripotent
Multipotent
Unipotent
Reject Response
Traditional Immuno-repressents
Constant administration
Little engraftment after 3~4 weeks
Host immune system impaired
Vulnerable to Infection
↓Need brief immuno-re